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2025, 01, No.190 53-64
“易自然”构国际法治:论国际法律秩序之兴革
基金项目(Foundation): 浙江省哲学社会科学规划部门合作专项研究课题“中华传统法律文化与我国现代法治文明研究”(24BMHZ093YB)
邮箱(Email):
DOI: 10.14134/j.cnki.cn33-1337/c.2025.01.006
摘要:

随着全球化的发展,国际社会于20世纪90年代初提出构建国际法治的建议,以在国际和国家两个层面构建法治社会。经过20余年的努力,该建议被纳入《2030年可持续发展议程》。然就构建国际法治的方式方法、国际法治应反映的价值等,国际社会甚少论及。本文以中华传统文化,特别是《易》的天道自然观,如革卦的哲学思想为基础,探讨国际法治提出之时代背景与价值,分析构建国际法治之必要性、必要条件及其所应反映的价值。本文建议国际法治之构建应以《联合国宪章》为基石,以国际秩序的与时偕行为方向,以履卦和随卦的思想为行动准则,提出国际法治应以万物和谐为终极目标,包括人与人的平等、国家与国家的平等、人类与自然的和谐以及自然与自然的和谐。

Abstract:

In the early years, with the development of globalization, the international community proposed to establish the international rule of law, aiming to build a society governed by the rule of law at both international and national levels. After more than twenty years of effort, this initiative was incorporated into the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. However,discussions on the methods and ways to establish the international rule of law and the values that it should reflect are rarely discussed in the international community. This article takes Chinese traditional culture, especially the philosophy expressed in Yi, also known as the Book of Changes, such as those in the Hexagram Ge, as the foundation to delve into the historical context and values underpinning the proposition for international rule of law. It also analyzes the necessity, conditions, and values that should be reflected in the construction of international rule of law. This article suggests that the construction of international rule of law should be based on the United Nations Charter, guided by the principle of adapting to the times in the international order, with the ideas of Hexagram Lu and Hexagram Sui as the operational guidelines. It posits that the ultimate goal of international rule of law should be the attainment of universal harmony, encompassing equality among individuals, parity among nations, concord between humanity and nature, and harmony among the diverse elements of the natural world.

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(1)“易自然”系以《易》的哲学思想为基和干,结合老子、庄子和儒家的思想,旁及诸子的相关论述,整理归纳一套适合国际法发展的研究方法,审视现有国际法并以中华传统文化为基础,提出国际法应致力于实现的目标及价值,以及能反映人类共同价值的原则和规则。

(2)就此,宾汉援引了美国最高法院前法官杰克逊(Jackson)在1949年的一个著名判决,“我认为所有城市、州和联邦政府在行使权力时,除非为了实现法律的目标,有合理区别对待的理由,否则应确保其居民不受歧视待遇是一个健康的原则”,认为60年之后该原则不仅是健康的原则而且是法治的支柱。

(3)亦有学者认为法治包括五个方面:(1)法律具合理的明确性;(2)法律具合理的稳定性;(3)法律可公开获得;(4)法律包含规则和标准;(5)法律适用于将来及不溯及既往。

(4)例如,有的政治学学者通过实证方法分析列国对法治的态度及实践。

(5)第二次世界大战后,各主要国家的对外贸易额占其国民生产总值的比例越来越高,从而使得国际贸易对每个国家经济的影响也越来越大。

(6)中国于邓小平1992年到南方考察并发表谈话后正式确立了逐步实行市场经济的政策,并自那时起大量引进了市场手段和机制。自2001年加入世贸组织后,中国则一直致力于说服其他国家承认其市场经济地位。

(7)关于国际组织和个人在国际法上的地位和权利,国际法院前法官希金斯(Higgins)教授曾指出,国际社会的发展已使得原来将国家视为国际法的主体、将个人视为客体的两分法理论没有说服力。她主张应从参与跨国决策的角度审视国际组织和个人在国际法上的地位和权利。

(8)1994年4月在摩洛哥马拉喀什举行的关贸总协定部长级会议正式决定成立世界贸易组织,并签订了《建立世界贸易组织的马拉喀什协议》,其附件包括《货物贸易总协定》《服务贸易总协定》《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》和《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》。

(9)《服务贸易总协定》第1条第2款将服务贸易界定为以四种方式提供的服务:跨境提供、境外消费、商业存在和自然人流动。

(10)《世贸组织协定》要求各成员方无选择地以“一揽子”方式接受乌拉圭回合达成的所有协议,唯一的例外是附件4下的《民用航空器贸易协定》《政府采购协定》《国际奶制品协定》和《国际牛肉协定》。

(11)世界贸易组织争端解决机制引入了“反向协商一致”原则。在争端解决机构审议专家组报告或上诉机构报告时,只要不是所有的成员都反对,相关报告便获得通过,从而排除了败诉方单方面阻挠报告通过的可能。

(12)双边投资协定时有增加,且当代的自由贸易协定均含投资章节,故相关数据时有变更。此处的数据系依世贸组织、联合国贸发会议和世界银行解决投资争端国际中心的数据粗略整理而成。

(13)根据2004年4月签订的贸易一体化机制协议,国际货币基金组织将向因贸易自由化而遭遇支付困难的国家提供援助。

(14)非政府组织参与国际治理已是不争的事实。有学者认为非政府组织属于“当今世界最受信任的机构之一部分,建立了全球性名牌”,且有很多资源,如2014年,全球最大的30个非政府组织掌握的资源多达190亿欧元。

(15)此外,“根据国家立法和国际协议,确保公众获得各种信息,保障基本自由”以及“推动和实施非歧视性法律和政策以促进可持续发展”亦被列为可持续发展目标16.10及目标16.b。

(16)小畜卦的卦辞是“亨,密云不雨,自我西郊”。

(17)例如,在对TRIPs协议的谈判历史进行研究后,世贸组织知识产权部主任陶布曼(Taubman)指出,谈判代表的国内法经验和专长对谈判有很大助力,且谈判过程中领导者的政治智慧非常重要。

(18)关于此问题的讨论,学者们讨论了哪些世贸组织规则在美国的法律中起到重要作用,哪些规则没有起到作用及其原因。

基本信息:

DOI:10.14134/j.cnki.cn33-1337/c.2025.01.006

中图分类号:B221;D99

引用信息:

[1]王贵国.“易自然”构国际法治:论国际法律秩序之兴革[J].浙江工商大学学报,2025,No.190(01):53-64.DOI:10.14134/j.cnki.cn33-1337/c.2025.01.006.

基金信息:

浙江省哲学社会科学规划部门合作专项研究课题“中华传统法律文化与我国现代法治文明研究”(24BMHZ093YB)

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