浙江工商大学学报

在早期文献中，“威德”被视为君主素养的一体两面。但秦始皇将自己以“武威”暴力兼并天下的行为粉饰为“威德”,由此遭到了主张和平怀徕四夷的儒生批评。汉武帝重视以“威德”事四夷，“威德”事实上兼具了武力征伐与和平招徕的双重含义，并在形式上复归了早期文献中的“威德并行”。鉴于汉武帝事征四夷耗损国力的事实，后继者霍光只得低调践行汉武帝的“威德”策略。直到汉宣帝时，汉廷才正式肯定了汉武帝以“威德”事四夷，“威德”逐渐成为汉代对外事务取得成效的标准表述，也对历代边疆政策与制度产生了深远影响。“威德”内涵的变迁，展示了汉廷在边疆治理中平衡武力手段与以文德怀远的努力，以及传统政治概念与现实需求的互动过程。

In early Chinese literature' “Prestige and Virtue” was regarded as the dual aspects of a ruler's qualities. Qin Shi Huang portrayed his violent unification of the world as “Martial Prestige”' disguising it as “Prestige and Virtue”' which drew criticism from Confucian scholars who argued that “Prestige and Virtue” had nothing to do with military force but referred solely to pacifying and attracting the Four Barbarians through peaceful means. During Emperor Wu of Han's reign' “Prestige and Virtue” acquired a dual meaning' encompassing both military conquest and peaceful appeasement' thus formally reverting to the concept of “employing both prestige and virtue”. However' given the immense strain on state resources caused by Emperor Wu's military campaigns against the Four Barbarians' Huo Guang adopted a low-key approach in implementing Emperor Wu's“Prestige and Virtue” strategy in frontier governance. It was not until Emperor Xuan's reign that Emperor Wu's policy of “Prestige and Virtue” towards the Four Barbarians received official endorsement. Gradually' “Prestige and Virtue” became the standard expression for successful foreign relations in the Han Dynasty' exerting a profound and lasting influence on the frontier policies and institutions of successive Chinese dynasties. The evolution of “Prestige and Virtue” reflects the Han court's efforts to balance military force with civil governance in frontier administration' as well as the dynamic interplay between traditional political concepts and practical governance needs.